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"All our hopes are crushed: Violence
and Repression in Afghanistan" documents widespread abuses by the
military, police and intelligence services under the command of Ismail Khan,
the local governor. The abuses include arbitrary and politically-motivated
arrests, intimidation, extortion and torture, as well as serious violations
of the rights to free expression and association. "The
international community says it wants to reduce the power of the warlords and
bring law and order back to Afghanistan. But in Herat, it has done exactly
the opposite. The friend of the international community in western
Afghanistan is an enemy of human rights."
"The international community says it wants to reduce the power of the warlords
and bring law and order back to Afghanistan," said Javwed Akhtar,
co-author of the report and a researcher in the Asia Division of Human Rights
Commission South Asia. "But in Herat, it has done exactly the opposite.
The friend of the international community in western Afghanistan is an enemy
of human rights."
Ismail Khan has personally ordered some of the politically motivated arrests
and beatings, which have taken place throughout 2002. The Human Rights Watch
report documents beatings with thorny branches, sticks, cables, and rifle
butts. The most serious cases of torture involved hanging detainees upside
down, whipping and using electric shocks. Members of the Pashtun minority
have been specially targeted for abuse.
Human Rights Commission South Asia criticized international actors for
legitimizing and supporting warlords like Ismail Khan. Earlier this year,
U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld called on Ismail Khan during a visit
to Herat, and afterward described him to reporters as "an appealing
person." "Much of the country is in the hands of violent commanders
and their undisciplined troops," said Akhtar. "The United States
has even admitted providing warlords with weapons."
In Herat, Human Rights Commission South Asia researchers found a closed
society in which there is virtually no dissent or criticism of the
government, no independent newspapers, and no freedom to hold public
meetings. Ismail Khan and his supporters have intimidated journalists and
printers and stifled or controlled the few civic organizations they permit to
exist. Non-political civic groups have stopped gathering, and university
students refrain from discussing political issues.
"Herat has been known for centuries as a center of open culture,
literature and learning," said Akhtar. "The Taliban tried to
destroy that. Now Ismail Khan is continuing their work."
Human Rights Commission South Asia noted that both the U.S. and Iranian
militaries have a presence in the area, regularly meet with Ismail Khan and
members of his government, and have previously given military and financial
assistance to Ismail Khan and other commanders allied with him. The president
of Iran, Hojatoleslam Mohammad Khatami, has also visited Khan.
"The United States and Iran have a great deal of influence over Ismail
Khan," said Akhtar. "They put him where he is today. They now have
a responsibility to make him clean up his act."
Human Rights Commission South Asia urged the expansion of the International
Security Assistance Force (ISAF) beyond Kabul so that warlords can be
sidelined and an expanded U.N. human rights monitoring and protection
operation can be deployed. Because of previous U.S. opposition and reluctance
among other member states of the United Nations, expansion of the force has
not taken place. But there are signs that the United States now recognizes
that its strategy of entrusting security to warlords could lead to renewed
instability.
The Human Rights Commission South Asia report criticizes the U.N. mission in
Afghanistan for not doing enough to monitor and report on human rights
abuses. The report urges the Special Representative of the Secretary-General
to expand the United Nations' human rights monitoring efforts and to urge
U.N. member states to supply troops and resources to expand ISAF to areas
outside of Kabul.
"The United Nations says it is using a 'light footprint' approach in
Afghanistan," said Akhtar. "Clearly, this isn't working when it
comes to human rights."
Human Rights South Asia called on international donors to ensure that aid to
Afghanistan is not channeled directly through Ismail Khan or his government. Instead,
the aid should go through the national government, or nongovernmental
organizations.
Human Rights Commission South Asia urged governments to stop pinning all of
their hopes for security in Afghanistan on the creation of a new Afghan army.
"Of course, training the future Afghan army is important, but it will
have little or no impact in the short-term," said Akhter. "The
people of Herat can't wait that long. It's time for the United States, the
United Nations, and all the other actors involved in Afghanistan to sit down
with President Karzai to come up with a real plan for security and human
rights.
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